Letter to Freud an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Letter to Freud by Expert Sweet-Cathy | 08 Dec 2016 Letter to Freud, Dated November 1912, Right After the Lunch Meeting Attended by Freud, Jung and other Psychologists Need essay sample on "Letter to Freud" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Dear Mr. Sigmund Freud, It concerned me a lot to know that you fainted during the lunch meeting with other psychologists. If any consolation, I am happy that Mr. Jung was there to assist despite the growing faction between the two of you. I am fully aware that Mr. Jung has recently developed his own concepts in psychology, different from your own. I am not writing to you to elaborate on them, rather to tell you that despite the growing criticisms around, I stand firm in support of your theories of the mind, and defense mechanisms. People Usually Tell EssayLab specialists: I'm not in the mood to write my paper. Because I don't have the time Essay writers suggest: Don't Waste Your Time I will try to relate my knowledge of your theories with the life of the famous humorist and novelist of our time, Mr. Samuel Langhorne Clemens, also known as Mark Twain. Mr. Clemens was a good friend of mine, thus his death greatly affected me. During his lifetime he confided with me some thoughts, which I would share with you right now, in the hope of gaining from you a better analysis of his personal conflicts. First of all, let me focus on your theory of the unconscious. On the one hand, you said in one lecture that this presents all thoughts, experiences and emotions that we are unaware of. They are either difficult or too painful to bear, that is why people have a tendency to deny or repress them. On the other hand, the conscious mind presents ones thoughts that the person is fully aware of. Relating this with Clemenss life, I remember him telling me about his popularity as a democrat as evident in his writings against racism and his position as the Vice-President of the American Anti-Imperialist League, which he held for nine years. He did his part as a good citizen, and displayed a conscious mind that strongly opposed racial discrimination and bureaucracy. However, in his mind resided a racist upbringing, as his father had a slave, while one of his uncles had several slaves. In addition, in 1860, Clemens voted for a presidential candidate who was pro-slavery, and served in the Confeder ate Army. These only show that while Clemens befriended other cultures, he could be doing this out of a guilty past, which haunted him. To hide this guilt, Clemens established the friendship no one would forget, between a black boy and a white one, in his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. While his conscious mind directed him to write humor in his novels, his unconscious mind still called out to state the inner recesses of his being. For instance, in the novel, The Prince and the Pauper, we see the great humor in the confusion the two boys bring others. However, the humor is replaced with melancholy as the prince was abused physically by the villain. The contradictory attitude in Clemens also makes up the opposition between his conscious and unconscious mind. This could be explained by the hardships he suffered during his childhood, from his stern father, and the deaths of his siblings. Although Clemens tried to repress these realities, always showing the brighter side of him, he could not conceal the unconscious mind that had to deal with the losses he hadboth from his original family and his three children who died before they reached twenties. Such great bereavements could have led Clemens towards repression. As you explained, repression is ones involuntary removal of a threatening or painful past from ones consciousness. By trying to forget his past, however, those painful experiences were made evident in Clemens writings. Even so, the experiences he had helped in making him a well-loved and famous writer. Aside from repression of his childhood memories, I also figure out from Clemenss own confession that he turned to denial. Again, taking from you, Clemens tried to distort reality by denying the sufferings he dealt with in the past. Facing realities like death of a loved one could lead a person to a mournful period, which could come to an end. In Clemens, we unbelievably see an inpidual dealing with too many losses but still maintaining poise and humor. Furthermore, Clemens also seemingly submitted to regression. The use of young characters in his novels tells us this truth. Due to the way he viewed his father (which will be explained later), Clemens regressed by looking at the brighter side of life in the eyes of young boys like Huckleberry Finn. Although Clemens was close to his mother, I do not see this as a way to explain Oedipal complex. With all due respect, Mr. Freud, allow me to elucidate my point in relation to my friends personality. Sifted of confidence, I believe that your concept of Oedipal complex is too assuming and needs further proofs. For instance, I believe that more than competing with his father for his mothers love, Clemens simply hated his father for what the old man did. Clemens told me that his father worked as a shopkeeper and land speculator. During his childhood, he stumbled upon a bloody corpse of a murdered man whose body was dragged into his father's office. This experience disturbed Clemens as a young boy, and affected the way he looked at his father. He could have resented him for it, and resorted to leaning more towards the affection of his mother who was more considerate. As such, his fathers own wrongdoings, and not the Oedipal complex, which you proposed to be innate, caused Clemens to develop resentment towards his father. In summary, I would like to congratulate you for the great contribution you have made in the field of psychology, my own field of work. Your theories certainly help us define personality traits and disorders. Similarly, they assist us in making sense of our clients past to explain present tendencies. In particular, your theories of the conscious and the unconscious, and defense mechanisms are very well acclaimed. I am concluding this letter with the hope that you could send me a reply regarding how you see my friends life, with particular attention to proofs regarding Oedipal complex. Once again, thank you, Mr, Freud! Yours truly, John Reynolds Psychologist References Hergenhahn, B. R., & Olson., M. H. (2007). An introduction to theories of personality. 7 th Ed. NJ: Upper Saddle River. Pearson/Prentice Hall. Merriman, C. D. (2006). Mark Twain. Retrieved January 16, 2008, from http://www.online-literature.com/twain/ Reynolds, David. (1997). Never the Twain shall meet. Retrieved January 16, 2008, from http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/04/27/reviews/970427.27reynolt.html?_r=2&oref=slogin

Keirla essays

Keirla essays Keirlas tail swooshed back and forth angrily as she stared at the small, cluttered room before her. Boxes were piled around her so that there was barely any room to stand. Keirlas claws flashed as she swiped at an empty box beside her. The shredded cardboard rained to the ground in a manner much like confetti. A tear sprang to her eye as she thought of her mother who, in seeing this, wouldve rushed to her side to find out what was wrong and comfort her. But that would never happen again, her mother was gone now, and there wasnt anything she could do about it. Keirla lay in her bed remembering when she first moved here to Dufur, Oregon and when she had found out about her mother. Keirlas Irish accent still lingered and Keirla imagined that it would for many years to come, but that was the only thing that she had left of her past, her heritage. Keirla could now, at the age of 16 only barely remember her mother, she had been only 5 when her mother had died. Now, eleven years had passed and Keirla was now moving to a new high school, full of new people. Keirla hoped to have better luck at her new school, at her previous one, Keirla had been expelled for fighting with another student. Keirla had had no friends in or out of school, but hopefully, that would all be over in the morning. Tomorrow, she started at her new high school. It was 3 in the morning and Keirla couldnt sleep, it was not the new school jitters or fantasizing about the male population of the school or anything like that. Keirla was not a normal teen, or a normal Kitania (cat people) at that. Keirla had the ears, tail and attitude of a tiger. She stood about 52, rather short for her age and breed, she had long, straight, jet black hair that fell to her knees, her eyes were a fierce yellow and her skin was as pale as death itself. ...

Chaotic Curiosity or Curios Chaos

Chaotic Curiosity or Curios Chaos Abhishek Tiwari The word science comes from â€Å" scientia †, Latin word for knowledge. Webster’s dictionary defines science as â€Å"the knowledge covering the general truths of the operations of general laws, especially as obtained and tested through the scientific method and concerned with the physical world†. In a layman’s interpretation science is a systematic way to obtain the knowledge about the mystifying secrets of Mother Nature by few known facts, observations, and few approximate estimations. New theories and laws in science are proposed by using two points- 1) repetition or reproducibility of the data, and 2) computational simulation. But what happens if these fundamental rules are not followed in a system? As they say, exceptions to rules form new rules, these infringing systems fall into the category of â€Å"Chaotic systems†. Chaotic systems are those in which the distant results are practically unknowable. The Theory of Chaos r ules this domain of science. Today chaos theory is a field of study in mathematics with several applications in the fields of biology, cosmology, economics, engineering, meteorology, and physics. It talks about deterministic dynamic systems which are not just highly but infinitely sensitive to the initial conditions. Under such circumstances even with a fraction of difference in the initial stages would yield into complete different outcomes every time the process is started hence defying the first basic rule in experimentation. Every technology is built with its own error, limitations and approximation, and therefore computer simulation of such a dynamic system to know about its fate at certain point in space-time would either require a huge amount of initially defined components or a long time calculations which would still differ with the actual outcome. In other words the deterministic nature of such dynamic systems may not help in determining their future. Meteorologist Edward Lorenz was the first person to talk about chaotic systems. He summarized this theory as, â€Å"when the present determines the future, but the approximate present does not approximately determines the future†. In 1972 Edward Lorenz wrote a paper titled as â€Å"Predictability: Does the flap of a butterfly’s wings in Brazil set off a tornado in Texas?† on the theory of Chaos. Edward Lorenz accidentally came across this topic while doing his work on weather forecast. Using a simple computer of his time, he was running a weather simulation. However due to time constraints he started his work mid way and to his astonishment he got a completely diverted results from the previous output. He concluded that the difference was generated due to the rounding-off of the numbers in the input. The consensus of the difference should practically have no effect on the immediate prediction but in a long run produced a significant difference. The word chaos is generally taken as c omplete disarray is a misnomer for this theory. The chaotic systems are not cluttered but are disciplined to an extent. Like we know for sure that the moon would not collide with earth in few weeks but the prediction remains uncertain for a longer time period. Similarly weather forecasts are known most accurately about a week before. Therefore chaotic systems are predictable for a while but later on with time it becomes random. The effectiveness of our prediction can be determined by following factors:-

Nursing Management Leadership in Health Care Institutions Research Paper

Nursing Management Leadership in Health Care Institutions - Research Paper Example It is all about striving to balance between doing the right thing at the expected time in the correct manner and doing such things right. The rapid and dramatic transformations in healthcare systems make these skills even more vital than ever. Both managers and leaders should envision the future to provide a leading role towards an efficient and productive unit with satisfying personnel. As leaders, it is never possible to stop seeking professional growth and opportunities that can help guarantee a difference in our own profession. Certainly, there exist many ways that can help in accomplishing this, including reading professional journals, being politically active and aware, as well as attending continuing education relevant to the nursing practice (Sehested, 2002). As good leaders, nurses are expected to take advantage of such opportunities for their advantage (Sehested, 2002). As a means of seeking professional growth, an article that entails balancing leadership roles and practis ing nursing roles has been chosen to guide the process. This paper, therefore, intends to critically evaluate a research article titled, ‘leading nurses in dire straits: head nurses' navigation between nursing and leadership roles.’ by Sorensen e., Delmar c. & Pedersen b.d. (2011). This article was published in the Nursing Management Journal. This paper intends to critique a study reports and the findings from a study focusing on the nursing and leadership roles of head nurses’ in the hospitals. The reason as to why this article is chosen is because of the conflict head nurses face as they perform their nursing and leadership roles in the healthcare settings. The debate is centred on how management reforms challenge professional leadership roles in public organizations (Sehested, 2002). This study is vital in the sense that it helps in improving nursing practices to patient care and exploring how successful nursing leaders tend to navigate between the two roles. In this case, the two roles are; nursing and leadership roles. The findings of the study are properly done to comprehensively validate the nursing practice. Therefore, there is a need to critically put forth the worth of this study and the evidence in it, thus appraising the study. The title of study define clearly what the study is all about, that is, to investigate the negotiation between nursing and their leadership roles in hospital practice. The study population, a brief description of the methodology and the key outcomes being investigated are all included in the title of the study. The study populations in the study are the nurses in leadership positions working at a first line level and at a departmental level whose age range is 39-57 years with an experience of 3-4 years in either of the leadership roles.?The key outcome of the study was Closeness distance and the recognition game. The methodology applied in this study was participant observation and ethnographic interviewi ng techniques where nurses in leadership positions acted as informants. They were selected in a stratified fashion to ensure diverse, rich and nuanced data the informants were gathered. Here, the inclusion-exclusion criteria were not satisfactory, for instance, the leadership experience number of years was limited to a maximum of only 4 years. This should have been extended to about 8 years to get the views of the most experienced nurses in leadership roles hence a more valid, representative and reliable study results.

Online E-Petition System Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Online E-Petition System - Literature review Example As such, in the midst of various possibilities of providing formal online participations platforms for citizens, e-petition systems have been considered as being official and fully operational online democracy activity for parliaments and governments, as well as for non-governmental institutions across the globe. The first of its kind was done in 2000 by the Scottish government; it was apparently the first online petition or e-petition system to be established anywhere in the world by an elected parliament (Susha and Gronlund, 2012; Medaglia, 2012). This was followed in 2002 by the Parliament of Queensland, which also designed and developed its own e-petition system. The Bundestag, German’s Federal Parliament also followed suit and has been, since 2005, operating an e-petition system that is more similar to the one established by the Scottish parliament. Not only parliaments followed this path, governments and other non-governmental institutions also followed this path; for in stance, the office of the British Prime Minister in 2006 launched an e-petition system dubbed the British Prime Minister’s e-petition system (Ralf Lindner and Ulrich Riehm, 2009; Beddie et al., 2001). In comparison to other forms of formal, codified, and institutionalized online political participation, which are albeit less advanced, e-petitions which have a quite impressive uptake by a number of public institutions still remains more an experimental concept; limited to very specific purposes (Taylor-Smith and Buckner, 2009). For instance, online voting, a form of online participation in referenda and general elections has been introduced in various jurisdictions across the globe; however, most governments eventually have refrained from these online political participation systems because of unresolved legal, technical, and political challenges (Kriplean et al., 2009; BÃ ¶hle and Ulrich Riehm, 2013). In the US, as well as in many jurisdictions throughout

User Behavior at Pinnacle Peak Essay Example for Free

User Behavior at Pinnacle Peak Essay Pinnacle Peak Hiking Area is a multipurpose, exercise trail used for both hiking and equestrians. It is a 1. 75 mile one-way trail in Rio Verde, Arizona with breathtaking views of the Sonoran Desert from every direction. Because the trail is not a loop, there is a lot of traffic on the trail, especially during the fall and winter seasons and on weekends. Families specifically enjoy this trail because there is no way for their children to get lost; there is one way in and one way out, no confusing side trails for anyone to take. There are a few areas where people are tempted to cut corners when there is a lot of traffic on the trail. This is quite dangerous as the entire trail is up a mountain and someone could very easily slip and fall. To help prevent people from cutting corners, the management has strategically laid rocks and logs along certain corners so it is a lot harder for people to step outside these boundaries. Parking for Pinnacle Peak is a disaster. There is very little parking in the designated parking lot, and so people have to park on the street and walk a fairly far distance before they even reach the trailhead. Like the trail, there is only one way in and one way out; there is no going around the busy street full of cars. On weekends when the trail is extremely busy, the parking situation is chaotic. People are out of breath walking uphill before they even reach the trailhead. At the trail head there is a large shaded area, decorated to match its desert surroundings, for people to stretch, rest, drink water, and have snacks both before and after their hikes. I found this extremely inviting and welcoming to users of all ages and hiking abilities. However, the trail itself is quite uninviting. The trail is unsuitable for both hikers and equestrians to be using at the same time. It is very rare that you will see horses on the trail; even without the horses, the trail is not nearly wide enough for the amount of hikers it sees each day. Several people would rather run than walk Pinnacle Peak, and some like to enjoy their time in nature while slowly strolling the trail. As mentioned before, families love this hike, and enjoy brining their children out to enjoy it with them. Unfortunately, with the amount of people Pinnacle Peak attracts, there are often times when people will have to either step aside, or stop and wait for other hikers/runners to pass by. The waiting is annoying and inconvenient, especially for those fully dedicated to their workout, and needing to complete their hike without a single stop. Pam Carothers (2001) states in the article â€Å"Social Values Versus Interpersonal Conflict among Hikers and Mountain Bikers† that recreation conflict is a major issue, whether it is on a hiking trail or on a lake. Interpersonal conflict between hikers and mountain bikers may be related to speed, lack of courtesy, crowding, or safety concerns. Safety issues, for example, have been linked to trail design (blind corners) and the behaviors of some mountain bikers who ride too fast for existing conditions† (page 48). The same idea may apply to runners versus hikers, and those who are on the trail to exercise, versus those on the trail to en joy the scenery. The only possibility to helping with the â€Å"waiting† situation would be a wider trail, however that process would be very long and tedious, as well as expensive. Management has provided two rest areas throughout the trail in which people can step aside, let people pass, grab a drink of water, and enjoy the scenery, all while staying out of other hikers ways. A few more rest stops/pull out areas could help out with the congestion and waiting, as well as people cutting corners and possibly injuring them selves. Before you reach the trailhead, there is an information center with brochures, safety packets, and attentive volunteers wanting to answer any questions you may have about the trail, scenery or surrounding wildlife. John Loleit, Recreation Coordinator at Pinnacle Peak says, â€Å"Year round, you have a good chance of spotting wildlife, especially in the early morning and at dusk†. The information center also has bright, detailed pictures of harmful insects, animals, and plants to keep an eye out for on the trail. Next to the information center are bathrooms, very well kept all year long with accessible stalls and water fountains. Because the trail is technically used for equestrians, too, some sort of horse facilities would be appropriate. Water troughs, large areas to park trailers, and hitching posts would all be extremely helpful for those with horses. Maybe with these extra facilities, the trail would attract more equestrians. As mentioned earlier, this site is very popular to families. Children are always playing on the rocks and benches at the beginning of the trail and rest area. In most cases this would be dangerous and unacceptable, however Pinnacle Peak is very â€Å"kid friendly†, and everything is set up for the safety of the hikers. Several runners cut across the trail on busy days when there are packs of people crowding certain areas. Even with the logs and rocks blocking off the corners, it is difficult to avoid this situation. Large groups of hikers love to stop and take pictures together with the beautiful desert scenery in the background. And who could blame them? Pinnacle Peak does an amazing job in taking advantage of its many views. No matter where you are on the trail, you will have a breath taking view of either Four Peaks or Tom’s Thumb, and at the right time of day, the mixture of pinks and reds of the setting sun. I noticed right away that Pinnacle Peak’s trail is not â€Å"horse friendly†, even though it is supposed to cater to equestrian needs as well as pedestrians. The trail has several stairways made of logs and rocks, both very difficult for horses to climb. The trail, along with the lack of horse facilities, probably discourages many equestrians from attending Pinnacle Peak. Many horse owners live in the area around Pinnacle Peak; if they built a few facilities and fixed the trail to work with horses, they would be seeing a large increase of attendees. I also noticed that the trail was built in such a way that it works perfectly with the contours of the mountain. There are stretches of both smooth surfaces and uphill climbs, tight curves and long straightaways. They definitely used the area to the best of their ability when planning out how the trail would run. By completing this project I learnt the importance of planning ahead and taking into consideration how people interact with their environment. I think that when it comes time to plan an event, facility, or specific environment, researching other competitors is crucial, to see what works, what doesn’t work, and what you are going to do to be proactive against certain issues. I expect to use this information professionally to help plan ahead for any event or facility in my future. The more knowledge and little tips I build now, the more prepared I will be for my professional career.

Traumas Apologize and Healing of the Colonized and Radicalized Essay

Throughout the twentieth century, the trauma inflicted upon people of color as a by-product of colonization, racialization, and assimilation has left a lasting imprint not on only the lives of the oppressed, but on the lives of the generations that follow them as well. Years after these subjective events have passed and been recognized as unjust and immoral and formal apologies from the U.S. government have been made, the trauma remains ever present in the minds of individual victims as well as the affected community as a whole, and traumatic healing does not actualize. Racial oppression has been an overtly prevalent issue; from the unjust treatment in WWII Japanese relocation camps and Cambodian refugee camps, to the colonization of land, compromised reservation sovereignty, and physical abuse of Native Americans. Although not as pronounced, racial injustice still continues today in a more discretely structuralized manner that is purposely designed to allow forms of oppression to co ntinue yet have them over looked or passed off as lawful under U.S. regulation. The most prevalent forms of trauma that were experienced during these occasions include but are not limited to, post traumatic stress, intergenerational trauma, and soul wounds. The end of these oppressive events does not mean that repression is over, nor does it erase the scars it as left on the victims; the traumatic wounds still linger within individuals, the affected community, and through future generations. Attempts to remedy the harm done through apologizes, and in some instances compensation, address the error, and attempt to restore financial balance; however, they neglect to change the underlying inequality issues that were set in place that for the injustices to ... ...Loss in First Person Plural, Bontoc Eulogy, and History and Memory." Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Korean Adoption Studies. By Nelson Kim. Park, Tobias Hu%u0308binette, Eleana Kim, and Petersen Lene. Myong. S.l.: S.n., 2010. 129-45. Print. Duran, Bonnie, and Eduardo Duran. "Native Americans and the Trauma of History." Studying Native America: Problems and Prospects. By Russell Thornton. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, 1998. 60-72. Print. Smith, Andrea. "Sexual Violence as a Tool of Genocide." Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide. Cambridge, MA: South End, 2005. 7-31. Print. Um, Khatharya. "Refractions of Home Exile, Memory, and Diasporic Longing." Expressions of Cambodia: The Politics of Tradition, Identity, and Change. By Leakthina Chan-Pech Ollier and Tim Winter. London: Routledge, 2006. 86-100. Print.

Gender Differences in Religious Belief Essay

Critically examine the relationship between gender, religious participation and religious organisation Studies of religious belief verify consistently that the female gender shows greater participation to religion than that of males. This greater commitment to religion described by sociologists such as Bensen applies throughout the course of the woman’s life, and as noted by Glock and Stark, their greater pledge to religion is consistent regardless of the religious organization, whether it be New Religious movements, New Age spirituality, or traditional faiths. Beit-hallahmy and Argyle state that whether it is a matter of private churchgoing or private prayer and regardless of religious belief women appear more religious than men. Religions universally have been found to be deeply oppressive to women, born from ancient teachings indicating their inferiority to men. Writers like de Beauvoir and Sadwai see religion and religious ideology as playing a part in maintaining male domination that is found in many aspects of contemporary social life. In religious scriptures women take the lesser position; De Beauvoir highlights how scriptures in most religions suggest that â€Å"man is master by divine right† and Aldridge explains how in the Qu’ran women are legally inferior to men. Why, then, do women pursue a faith which encourages their oppression, more so than the gender with the power to dominate it? Biological factors begin with Miller and Hoffman’s explanation that women take fewer risks than men and as a result seek to conform to a group’s religious identity rather than undertake the challenge of authority and autonomy. Men more often reject the religious beliefs of the mainstream and engage in risk-taking behaviors. According to Stark this risk taking inclination in a man to not â€Å"think ahead† means that men are less religious because they are willing to take a gamble on there not being an afterlife. However sociologists like Freese and Montgomery debate this argument works on an assumption that everyone makes the same risk assessment when in fact men are just more prepared to take that risk. Roth produced a study which showed there to be a smaller gap between genders in the percentage who believe in an afterlife but a large gap in those who give attendance and prayer to religion, suggesting women just participate actively more than men. Armstrong states that biological differences between men and women gave way to male domination; patriarchal montheism has replaced polysthetic beliefs which promoted the role of the female in society, for which evidence was found by archeologists in the form of old statues of goddesses. He argues that natural male aggression was the tool used to manipulate religion into a patriarchal institution. The socializations built upon this biology, are of men to be strong and domineering, and of women to be passive, obedient, and nurturing, which according to Mol, are the qualities associated with religiosity. Miller and Hoffman establish that gender socialisation makes women more cooperative and caring, and this can leads to many explanations for their greater participation in religion. One is their role of guardians in family life. Bruce states that women’s child bearing and rearing experiences for instance develop their traits as nurturers as opposed to confrontational and goal seeking. Luckmann further explains that women have a greater responsibility for rearing children and participate to a lesser degree in the labor force, leaving them with more time for church-related activities and a greater need for a source of personal identity and commitment. Women are more likely to take on the task of the moral development of their child along with the rest of their duties in socializing a child. There is an expectation for women to be defenders of tradition and Halman and Draulans note that these roles give women a greater focus on the family. Luckmann also highlights how women’s role as a housewife gives them lesser participation in the labor force, leaving them with more time for church-related activities and a greater need for a source of personal identity and commitment. They are more likely to experience status frustration, born from the constraints of housework and childcare or the unsatisfying lower middle class jobs which are mainly done by women. Religious participation can reinstate identity and give women focus, because where men gain individuality through work, women revive their low sense of worth through religion. Religious faith and practice can enhance psychological well-being by being a source of comfort to women in times of distress and by enhancing their social interaction with others in places of worship. More responsive and sensitive personality traits in a woman mean they are more likely to contemplate emotional wellbeing and not only seek solace in religion bit find meaning and purpose in life. Personality was be attested as a key factor by Thompson, who found that men who possess those qualities more commonly found in women, such as sensitivity , were similarly more likely to be religious. Reasons other than oppression that lead a higher percentage of women to respond to their environment and pursue happiness through religion are the increased levels of poverty they experience. Official figures show women are 14% more likely than men to live in households with incomes that are 60% below the national average. More frequently diagnosed mental illness and depression in women can explain their higher contribution to religion, as cults, sects as a social network and comfort for women outside the isolation of the home or of their minds. Women’s tend to be more open about sharing personal problems and are more relational than men which is encouraged in the close knit community of a sect. The intimacy of the private sphere can also replicate women’s â€Å"sphere of the home† whilst theodicies explaining their feelings and offering solutions justify their role as a woman. New Religious Movements such as cults are also generally more popular with women because of cult focus on self-discovery and fulfilment, which correlates with the female inclination towards self-criticism and self-improvement, due to their suffering higher levels of marginalisation and lack of self-confidence. Some evidence contradicts the male role as non-spiritual however, as Davie found there is an equal spiritual confidence in the existence of ghosts between genders. A key to understanding modern women’s higher participation in religion is the shifts in demographic trends. Brierly’s study found that in 1979 the proportion of male church goers were 45% but in 1989 it had dropped to 42%. The ratio of live females to live males rises steadily and correspondingly a disproportionate number of elderly women seek refuge in the church in response to loneliness or consoling philosophy nearing the end of their lives. Davie explains how women are more actively responsive to religion because males and females have differing visions of God; males associate him with power and status whereas women associate with his traits of love, comfort and forgiveness which explains their greater involvement in community religions. They are more concerned with people orientation than control. Female differences in nature also explains the particular appeal of New Age ideas revolved around well-being and stress relief. Concepts such as herbalism, yoga and meditation, homeopathy, aromatherapy and massage, horoscopes, astrology, fortune-telling are strongly associated with females, according to Glendinning and Bruce. This recent marketization of religion often promotes earthly concepts which are more linked to femininity and female empowerment than the tradition of male domination. Mother Gaia, the theory of Mother Earth as a living entity, is more appealable to women for instance. Women’s heightened spirituality can be attributed to their greater role in biological life processes. Walter and Davie see women as more emotionally exposed to the â€Å"ups and downs† of life because of childbirth, and their nurturing role as teachers, care assistants, social workers, and so on, and also the expectation that they be unpaid carers for vulnerable family members. This heightens their sensitivity and attunes the spiritual dimension of human existence, because as Davie argues, these factors give women a closer association with birth and death which are generally central concepts of religion. As females live longer than men some studies have shown that many widowed women may turn to religion for the comfort of reassuring philosophies and social networks. It is possible that some women take refuge from some of the theoretical oppressions bore by religion. Swatos talks of the fulfilment that can be had from being a second class citizenship. Feminist writers like Walby and be Beauvoir suggest that the doctrine of many of the world’s religions contain an ideology of the family which emphasises women’s traditional roles as wives and mothers in the family. Some women, however, are happy to take on this role. Barrett and Pryce, for instance, highlight how Rastafarianism assumes the woman’s position as a housewife and mother as a protection from sexual and racial abuse in the outside world. On one hand this gives ultimate power to men by denying female participation to society in the name of protection, but some more introverted Rastafarian women may enjoy this safety within the sphere of the home. A similar contradiction of female subjugation is the veil; whilst Aldridge notes the hijab in Islamic cultures as a symbol of patriarchy, degrading women to a state of invisibility and keeping them devoid of identity, some women find anonymity to be protective from the judgement and sexual degradation of men. A growing number of Western Muslims have taken to wearing the veil to in fact reinstate a female identity separate from their face; writers like Ahmed and Watson argue that the veiling of one’s face can be a way to resist the patriarchy and sexual objectification of Western culture which views women as visual objects. Faiths as a majority oppose the admission of women to leadership in religious organisations. A pun of the â€Å"stained glass ceiling† is used as a pun by sociologists to explain how women are maintained at the bottom of the career ladder to authority within the church, and barred completely from the priesthood in Roman Catholicism and Orthodox Judaism, which is seemingly discriminatory, but perhaps female role models within religious doctrines presented as meek and nurturing figures have had such an influence on the identity of a religious women that they feel more comfortable in a non-domineering role. Examples can be taken from any religion proving the sub-ordinance of women taught by most faith systems. The socialisation of women to be obedient and take on the follower role means they are further likely to be a willing follower of religion. Overall social, psychological, and biological factors interlink to form explanations for greater female participation in religion and religious organisation. The gravity of female relation to religion as an explanation, compensator, duty, and social outlet mean that their commitment is likely to persist regardless of the injustices and subjugations it bears upon the gender.

Donor card

â€Å"Sleep after toil, port after stormy seas, / Peace after war, death after life, / does greatly please. † This is a phrase by Edmund Spenser, a 16th-century poet. He asserted death to be a â€Å"pleasant† thing. But it is not the case for many of us. Death is not so easy. In fact, we are afraid of its pain. In fact, we are afraid of its loneliness. In fact, we are afraid of its irrevocability. And it is much more scary if we feel all those agonies even â€Å"after† our death. I am not going to write about horror movies however, but a true story of brain death. And through the arguments, I want you to realize the significance of the decision: whether to own a donor card. Donor card†¦ I guess most of you already know about it. Thanks to that card, you can save other people without any special skills by providing your organs. That is wonderful. When you watch a moving story of transplantation on a TV program, you may have a feeling that you, too, want to be like that â€Å"warm-hearted† donor. Especially, in case of heart transplantation, the donor must be a â€Å"brain-dead† person, who can no longer maintain life but still has a beating heart. If you are wanted and cannot live anyway, you may think you have a clear resolution. However, remember that you always have to pay something if you try to save others. So let me remind you that the â€Å"warm-hearted† donor is a â€Å"warm-blood-running† dead body. Into a soft and warm body, a knife cuts in, and organs are taken out. If that is all, it may not be a problem. But, the body moves, sheds tears, and even has a possibility of feeling pain. That is the reality. It may be only a spinal reflex, but may not be, too. And it may be only a possibility, but may not be, too. The diagnosis by doctors may be done in a right way, but any human-made criteria and human-performed examinations must not always be perfect. There is a fact that the donor is often anesthetized during the extraction, so that the body will not disturb doctors by moving around. Once we are misjudged in the court of death, we can never be allowed to appeal again. And even if the judgment is done in justice, the prosecution itself is fatal in this court. Once doctors start to examine if you are brain-dead or not, they will try it again and again literally till your death. Needless to say, during that testing, you cannot receive appropriate treatments for your recovery, which means, you are locked in the death court until your tombstone gets upon you. In old days, death was something absolute. We got it suddenly by divine will and we could easily tell if someone was dead or alive. However, today human beings refuse the will with their well-developed technologies. As a result, now they have got an extremely significant role of defining â€Å"death. If someone's brain is dead but heart is alive, is he or she totally dead or not? At what point do we regard the brain to be â€Å"dead? † More fundamentally, what is death indeed? Actually, we can never be sure of the answers. They are beyond our capacity. But we have decided to make the answers. So, today our death is human-made. Contrary to such an obscure definition of death, I have an obvious vision for death. I do not want my last moment to be in an agony of organ extraction. I do not want to admit my family's death when they are still moving. I do not want to leave my death to anyone's discretion. I want nobody to face any unexpected misery. And I am sure that I am not the only one. I know that I am a human being who should equally be saved as the recipients. To make my death like peace after war, I do deny writing my will to be a donor. But still, that is my opinion. The important thing is that you get interested in the issue. Today, you can easily get a donor card. But the action must not be easy. To be a guarantor of life, you must take the risk it deserves. And after distress and uneasiness, torment and bewilderment, if you still reach a conclusion of saving others, you should be proud of your devotion. If you reach a conclusion of saving yourself, you should be proud of your cautiousness. If you do not reach a conclusion, you should be proud of your sincerity to life. If you have never thought about this issue, you can start thinking from this moment. Do you really want to help others? Can you be responsible enough for your decision? How can you make your death after life most pleasant?

Natural Disaster of Hurricane Katrina

Natural Disaster of Hurricane Katrina Ethical Dilemma: Natural Disaster of Hurricane Katrina-Insurance Companies Deny ClaimsHurricane Katrina was a hurricane like no other in our countryÂÆ'‚‚s history. Its furystruck the gulf coast on August 29, 2005 and as with 9/11, we were inundated withimages from television and newspapers twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. We were first hand witnesses to the human suffering of people escaping to their roof tops, clinging to tree branches and bodies floating in the flood waters. There was great destruction not just to property but also to the lives of those who inhabited the Gulf Coast region. As with 9/11, there has also been a great impact on the insurance industry. Theessentialness of insurance is to allow the rebuilding of destroyed homes, businesses, and communities and to allow people to get back to living their lives once again. In order to cope with the effects of catastrophes the industry had to ÂÆ'‚‚“come up with mechanisms that would preserve the nationÂÆ'‚‚s insurance industry in the aftermath of natural or man-madecatastrophes.ÂÆ'‚‚”(Tuckey, 2006)There are many issues that the insurance industry faces since this natural disaster occurred. The impact of Katrina has been substantial and widespread and has affected the customer in a negative fashion due to the frustration of filing claims and fighting with insurance companies. Will the total impact prove detrimental to the industry as a whole? These and many other issues need to be explored in order to gain complete insight into what exactly happened that fateful day and what will the future bring to the industry.A succession of catastrophes can raise the specter that insolvency may become a possibility. ÂÆ'‚‚“The regulatory goal of ensuring solvency, however, conflicts with the goal of ensuring affordable and available coverage.ÂÆ'‚‚” (Berliet, 2006) With such large amounts of money being paid out...

Controversy analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Controversy analysis - Essay Example This essay reviews five articles on water scarcity and what they say or not say about wastewater management. Since water scarcity is growing day by day, being an important cause of the issue, can improvement in wastewater management help in solving the problem? As early as 1955, Packman argued that water scarcity is a national issue and must be resolved through policymaking, before it seriously derails the development of America, in the article, â€Å"Water for the Future.† He is an important source of information because he has presented an issue that not many reporters analyze and discuss during his time. Packman blames human mismanagement and the uneven distribution of fresh ground and surface water for water issues. He claims that the government and private sector should look into supporting diverse options to properly manage water scarcity, and these are: 1) efficient management of existing water resources; 2) reusing water, including wastewater; 3) increasing water suppl y through artificial rain production; and 4) improving research on water desalination. The strengths of the article are the use of authoritative sources and the emphasis on the issue and how to resolve it. Packer employs diverse credible articles to support his statements. For instance, he says: â€Å"Measures to combat water shortages must be based on consideration of the fact that water, unlike other resources, cannot be saved by non-use.† He supports this claim by providing evidence: â€Å"The conservation of water is not so much the saving of a decreasing' supply for some greater need in the future, as, for example, the storing of natural gas, but the control and use of water to the optimum advantage of all.† Packer gives proper in-text citation for his claims. Moreover, Packer effectively uses logos that can bring attention to urgency of water shortage. He underscores that water shortage is a reality, and to not manage water through different ways will result to d evelopmental and health catastrophes in the future. The weakness of the article is its lack of conclusion. Packer abruptly ends the article after discussing policy issues. He should have summarized his findings and discussed the implications of the policies and resolutions he proposed to increase the effectiveness of his argument. In â€Å"Global Water Shortages,† Mary H. Cooper expands the political implications of water shortages that Packard mentioned, and where she argues that the next wars and conflicts will not revolve around oil, but water, because of its scarcity and increasing demand from people of different nations and communities. She is an important source because she specializes in environmental, energy and defense issues (CQ Researcher). Before she joined The CQ Researcher as a staff writer in 1983, she worked as a reporter and Washington correspondent for the Rome daily newspaper l'Unita (CQ Researcher). Cooper claims that one of the most pressing underlying ca uses of territorial disputes is the shortage of water. Since countries are sharing water sources, they are doing everything they can to defend this basic need. She includes

Gender And Family Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Gender And Family Health - Essay Example This study "Gender And Family Health" involves two main things: 1/ the reaction of the public towards the health issues and 2/ the effect of the public health programs and policies in the society that is covered by a particular community or gender who come under the health issue. To understand the ethical and social perspectives of the health problems it is also necessary to study the sexual behavior, diet practices and quality of the hygienic conditions in which they live etc. Ethics are set of moral standards that affect our conduct in the social atmosphere. Ethics helps in shaping different parts of the society. It also involves the combined decisions of a group or community of people to determine the future of the society. Ethics also decides the discussion of worldwide issues in the cultural background by a certain group of people. The argument that how ethical perspectives affect the health outcomes depends on health care, clinical and research care and public health issues. Th e reaction of the members of the society demonstrates the ethics of health in the society. Our present society now faces common problems and health issues in every part of the world, such as old age, HIV aids, obesity, diabetes, etc. Of course, the intensity of these issues differs according to the type of ethical and cultural background in which the people live. The ethics might also influence the matters related to health if a group or community of people in a society combines to make decisions for its future.